During a two-year study from 2018 to 2020 that included weekly surveys, a research team led by CRC geospatial analyst Anna Mikkelsen, found that the beach is primarily dominated by longshore transport, meaning that sand is moved from one end of the beach to another. This is contrary to standard beach models that predict cross-shore transport where sand is moved from nearshore to an offshore section of the beach.

"Another surprising finding was that we did not find any clear seasonal signal," said Mikkelsen. "Instead of seeing high volumes of sand in summer, and low volumes in winter, we saw consistently increasing beach volume the first 12 months of the study and then erosion of the beach the following 10 months."

The researchers discovered that the primary environmental drivers controlling the amount of sand present and the width of the beach include wave energy from south swell and trade-wind generated waves, and the water level.

In another study, led by Kristian McDonald, a geospatial analyst with the CRC, the team surveyed the beach weekly between April and November 2018, a time that bracketed the Central Pacific hurricane season and the season of more powerful southerly swell.

"We found a clear relationship between increases in south swell and beach accretion, and, on the flipside, increased trade swell was associated with beach erosion," said McDonald. "In addition, the hurricane activity of 2018 generally increased the surface area and volume of this beach due to the associated increase in south swell wave energy."

Eye in the sky spies changing shoreline

In each study, the researchers employed consumer-grade small uncrewed aerial systems (sUAS), or drones, to conduct weekly surveys of the Royal Hawaiian Beach. Using photogrammetric techniques, they created three-dimensional reconstructions of the beach, allowing them to derive surface area, volume, beach width, and beach slope. The team then compared these metrics with water level, wave conditions, wind, and run-up to figure out what was most important in determining beach behavior, and whether trade-wind generated waves, south swell, Kona storms, high water levels or other conditions, build or erode each section of the beach.

"Among the positive outcomes of this work is that it demonstrates that off-the-shelf consumer-grade drones can capture changing beach conditions at a very high resolution," said McDonald. "These survey methods are relatively inexpensive and can be employed anywhere -- even on remote shorelines -- to inform communities and scientists of coastal dynamics and changes."

"In addition to gaining insight into where and how the Royal Hawaiian Beach gets its sand, these studies help our understanding of how the beach may be impacted by sea level rise and changes in ocean conditions and provide information so that this resource can be effectively managed," said Mikkelsen.

Future steps

The CRC continues coastal monitoring of the beaches on O'ahu. They are using drone survey techniques to document every beach on Oʻahu which will provide a high resolution baseline of the status of beaches today. Secondly, to get an idea of how the beaches change daily or weekly, and how they have changed historically, they are comparing satellite imagery back to about 1990.

"Together, these two studies will help inform the next generation of our shoreline models and provide insights into short-term, seasonal, and long term changes our shoreline displays," said Chip Fletcher, CRC director and interim Dean of the UH Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. "To effectively manage our coastline for ecological, societal and economic sustainability, we need this improved understanding of the behavior of our beaches and nearshore dynamics."